Here we will discuss the easiest and most simple way to change case of alphabets. Hint : We will be using bit hacks.
Often during our programming needs we need to change the case of alphabets. This can be a problem requirement or simply our need to solve the question. There are several ways to do it, but what can be more beautiful than using bit hacks for the same.
We discusses some of the BIT Hacks in these posts:-
Here I want to discuss the ASCII trick to convert lowercase to uppercase and back. The trick is super simple, you xor the 6th bit (or 5th depending on how you count bits) and that changes the case!
Check this out:
a = 01100001 A = 01000001
See, just the 6th bit changed.
Why is it this way? Simply because the people who invented ASCII thought it was a great idea. If you look at characters a..z, you’ll see that all of them have the 6th bit set to 1. The ASCII inventors though, hey, let’s set 6th bit to 0 for upper case letters A..Z, then it will be super easy to change case. So they did.
a = 01100001 A = 01000001 b = 01100010 B = 01000010 c = 01100011 C = 01000011 d = 01100100 D = 01000100 e = 01100101 E = 01000101 f = 01100110 F = 01000110 g = 01100111 G = 01000111 h = 01101000 H = 01001000 i = 01101001 I = 01001001 j = 01101010 J = 01001010 k = 01101011 K = 01001011 l = 01101100 L = 01001100 m = 01101101 M = 01001101 n = 01101110 N = 01001110 o = 01101111 O = 01001111 p = 01110000 P = 01010000 q = 01110001 Q = 01010001 r = 01110010 R = 01010010 s = 01110011 S = 01010011 t = 01110100 T = 01010100 u = 01110101 U = 01010101 v = 01110110 V = 01010110 w = 01110111 W = 01010111 x = 01111000 X = 01011000 y = 01111001 Y = 01011001 z = 01111010 Z = 01011010
Also check this out, if you xor a character with a space, you invert the case:
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
char x = 'A';
char y = 'b';
printf("Original case:- %c %c",x,y);
x = x ^ ' ';
y = y ^ ' ';
printf("\n\nChanged case:- %c %c",x,y);
return 0;
}
Why is that? Because a space ‘ ‘ has the value 32, which is 1<<5, which is the 6th bit, which swaps the case!
Here is the Ideone link for the running code:- http://ideone.com/K25YEJ